The S&P 500 has returned roughly 10% a year on average over the long run, dividends included
Millions of Americans saving for retirement anchor their long-term plans to a single number: the S&P 500’s roughly 10 percent average annual return, dividends included. That figure, drawn from a dataset stretching back to 1928, shapes contribution rates, withdrawal strategies, and the assumptions baked into target-date funds. Yet the gap between the long-run average and…